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README.md

reveal.js tests Slides

A framework for easily creating beautiful presentations using HTML. Check out the live demo.

reveal.js comes with a broad range of features including nested slides, Markdown support, PDF export, speaker notes and a JavaScript API. There's also a fully featured visual editor and platform for sharing reveal.js presentations at slides.com.

Supporting reveal.js

This project was started and is maintained by @hakimel with the help of many contributions from the community. The best way to support the project is to become a paying member of Slides.com—the reveal.js presentation platform that Hakim is building.

Table of contents

More reading

  • Changelog: Up-to-date version history.
  • Examples: Presentations created with reveal.js, add your own!
  • Browser Support: Explanation of browser support and fallbacks.
  • Plugins: A list of plugins that can be used to extend reveal.js.

Online Editor

Presentations are written using HTML or Markdown but there's also an online editor for those of you who prefer a graphical interface. Give it a try at https://slides.com.

Installation

The basic setup is for authoring presentations only. The full setup gives you access to all reveal.js features and plugins such as speaker notes as well as the development tasks needed to make changes to the source.

Basic setup

The core of reveal.js is very easy to install. You'll simply need to download a copy of this repository and open the index.html file directly in your browser.

  1. Download the latest version of reveal.js from https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js/releases
  2. Unzip and replace the example contents in index.html with your own
  3. Open index.html in a browser to view it

Full setup

Some reveal.js features, like external Markdown and speaker notes, require that presentations run from a local web server. The following instructions will set up such a server as well as all of the development tasks needed to make edits to the reveal.js source code.

  1. Install Node.js (9.0.0 or later)

  2. Clone the reveal.js repository

    $ git clone https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js.git

  3. Navigate to the reveal.js folder

    $ cd reveal.js

  4. Install dependencies

    $ npm install

  5. Serve the presentation and monitor source files for changes

    $ npm start

  6. Open http://localhost:8000 to view your presentation

You can change the port by using npm start -- --port=8001.

Folder Structure

  • css/ Core styles without which the project does not function
  • js/ Like above but for JavaScript
  • plugin/ Components that have been developed as extensions to reveal.js
  • lib/ All other third party assets (JavaScript, CSS, fonts)

Instructions

Markup

Here's a barebones example of a fully working reveal.js presentation:

<html>
	<head>
		<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reveal.css">
		<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/white.css">
	</head>
	<body>
		<div class="reveal">
			<div class="slides">
				<section>Slide 1</section>
				<section>Slide 2</section>
			</div>
		</div>
		<script src="js/reveal.js"></script>
		<script>
			Reveal.initialize();
		</script>
	</body>
</html>

The presentation markup hierarchy needs to be .reveal > .slides > section where the section represents one slide and can be repeated indefinitely. If you place multiple section elements inside of another section they will be shown as vertical slides. The first of the vertical slides is the "root" of the others (at the top), and will be included in the horizontal sequence. For example:

<div class="reveal">
	<div class="slides">
		<section>Single Horizontal Slide</section>
		<section>
			<section>Vertical Slide 1</section>
			<section>Vertical Slide 2</section>
		</section>
	</div>
</div>

Markdown

It's possible to write your slides using Markdown. To enable Markdown, add the data-markdown attribute to your <section> elements and wrap the contents in a <textarea data-template> like the example below. You'll also need to add the plugin/markdown/marked.js and plugin/markdown/markdown.js scripts (in that order) to your HTML file.

This is based on data-markdown from Paul Irish modified to use marked to support GitHub Flavored Markdown. Sensitive to indentation (avoid mixing tabs and spaces) and line breaks (avoid consecutive breaks).

<section data-markdown>
	<textarea data-template>
		## Page title

		A paragraph with some text and a [link](http://hakim.se).
	</textarea>
</section>

External Markdown

You can write your content as a separate file and have reveal.js load it at runtime. Note the separator arguments which determine how slides are delimited in the external file: the data-separator attribute defines a regular expression for horizontal slides (defaults to ^\r?\n---\r?\n$, a newline-bounded horizontal rule) and data-separator-vertical defines vertical slides (disabled by default). The data-separator-notes attribute is a regular expression for specifying the beginning of the current slide's speaker notes (defaults to notes?:, so it will match both "note:" and "notes:"). The data-charset attribute is optional and specifies which charset to use when loading the external file.

When used locally, this feature requires that reveal.js runs from a local web server. The following example customises all available options:

<section data-markdown="example.md"
         data-separator="^\n\n\n"
         data-separator-vertical="^\n\n"
         data-separator-notes="^Note:"
         data-charset="iso-8859-15">
    <!--
        Note that Windows uses `\r\n` instead of `\n` as its linefeed character.
        For a regex that supports all operating systems, use `\r?\n` instead of `\n`.
    -->
</section>

Element Attributes

Special syntax (through HTML comments) is available for adding attributes to Markdown elements. This is useful for fragments, amongst other things.

<section data-markdown>
	<script type="text/template">
		- Item 1 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2" -->
		- Item 2 <!-- .element: class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1" -->
	</script>
</section>

Slide Attributes

Special syntax (through HTML comments) is available for adding attributes to the slide <section> elements generated by your Markdown.

<section data-markdown>
	<script type="text/template">
	<!-- .slide: data-background="#ff0000" -->
		Markdown content
	</script>
</section>

Configuring marked

We use marked to parse Markdown. To customise marked's rendering, you can pass in options when configuring Reveal:

Reveal.initialize({
	// Options which are passed into marked
	// See https://marked.js.org/#/USING_ADVANCED.md#options
	markdown: {
		smartypants: true
	}
});

Configuration

At the end of your page you need to initialize reveal by running the following code. Note that all configuration values are optional and will default to the values specified below.

Reveal.initialize({

	// Display presentation control arrows
	controls: true,

	// Help the user learn the controls by providing hints, for example by
	// bouncing the down arrow when they first encounter a vertical slide
	controlsTutorial: true,

	// Determines where controls appear, "edges" or "bottom-right"
	controlsLayout: 'bottom-right',

	// Visibility rule for backwards navigation arrows; "faded", "hidden"
	// or "visible"
	controlsBackArrows: 'faded',

	// Display a presentation progress bar
	progress: true,

	// Display the page number of the current slide
	slideNumber: false,

	// Add the current slide number to the URL hash so that reloading the
	// page/copying the URL will return you to the same slide
	hash: false,

	// Push each slide change to the browser history. Implies `hash: true`
	history: false,

	// Enable keyboard shortcuts for navigation
	keyboard: true,

	// Enable the slide overview mode
	overview: true,

	// Vertical centering of slides
	center: true,

	// Enables touch navigation on devices with touch input
	touch: true,

	// Loop the presentation
	loop: false,

	// Change the presentation direction to be RTL
	rtl: false,

	// See https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js/#navigation-mode
	navigationMode: 'default',

	// Randomizes the order of slides each time the presentation loads
	shuffle: false,

	// Turns fragments on and off globally
	fragments: true,

	// Flags whether to include the current fragment in the URL,
	// so that reloading brings you to the same fragment position
	fragmentInURL: false,

	// Flags if the presentation is running in an embedded mode,
	// i.e. contained within a limited portion of the screen
	embedded: false,

	// Flags if we should show a help overlay when the questionmark
	// key is pressed
	help: true,

	// Flags if speaker notes should be visible to all viewers
	showNotes: false,

	// Global override for autoplaying embedded media (video/audio/iframe)
	// - null: Media will only autoplay if data-autoplay is present
	// - true: All media will autoplay, regardless of individual setting
	// - false: No media will autoplay, regardless of individual setting
	autoPlayMedia: null,

	// Global override for preloading lazy-loaded iframes
	// - null: Iframes with data-src AND data-preload will be loaded when within
	//   the viewDistance, iframes with only data-src will be loaded when visible
	// - true: All iframes with data-src will be loaded when within the viewDistance
	// - false: All iframes with data-src will be loaded only when visible
	preloadIframes: null,

	// Number of milliseconds between automatically proceeding to the
	// next slide, disabled when set to 0, this value can be overwritten
	// by using a data-autoslide attribute on your slides
	autoSlide: 0,

	// Stop auto-sliding after user input
	autoSlideStoppable: true,

	// Use this method for navigation when auto-sliding
	autoSlideMethod: Reveal.navigateNext,

	// Specify the average time in seconds that you think you will spend
	// presenting each slide. This is used to show a pacing timer in the
	// speaker view
	defaultTiming: 120,

	// Specify the total time in seconds that is available to
	// present.  If this is set to a nonzero value, the pacing
	// timer will work out the time available for each slide,
	// instead of using the defaultTiming value
	totalTime: 0,

	// Specify the minimum amount of time you want to allot to
	// each slide, if using the totalTime calculation method.  If
	// the automated time allocation causes slide pacing to fall
	// below this threshold, then you will see an alert in the
	// speaker notes window
	minimumTimePerSlide: 0,

	// Enable slide navigation via mouse wheel
	mouseWheel: false,

	// Hide cursor if inactive
	hideInactiveCursor: true,

	// Time before the cursor is hidden (in ms)
	hideCursorTime: 5000,

	// Hides the address bar on mobile devices
	hideAddressBar: true,

	// Opens links in an iframe preview overlay
	// Add `data-preview-link` and `data-preview-link="false"` to customise each link
	// individually
	previewLinks: false,

	// Transition style
	transition: 'slide', // none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom

	// Transition speed
	transitionSpeed: 'default', // default/fast/slow

	// Transition style for full page slide backgrounds
	backgroundTransition: 'fade', // none/fade/slide/convex/concave/zoom

	// Number of slides away from the current that are visible
	viewDistance: 3,

	// Number of slides away from the current that are visible on mobile
	// devices. It is advisable to set this to a lower number than
	// viewDistance in order to save resources.
	mobileViewDistance: 2,

	// Parallax background image
	parallaxBackgroundImage: '', // e.g. "'https://s3.amazonaws.com/hakim-static/reveal-js/reveal-parallax-1.jpg'"

	// Parallax background size
	parallaxBackgroundSize: '', // CSS syntax, e.g. "2100px 900px"

	// Number of pixels to move the parallax background per slide
	// - Calculated automatically unless specified
	// - Set to 0 to disable movement along an axis
	parallaxBackgroundHorizontal: null,
	parallaxBackgroundVertical: null,

	// The display mode that will be used to show slides
	display: 'block'

});

The configuration can be updated after initialization using the configure method:

// Turn autoSlide off
Reveal.configure({ autoSlide: 0 });

// Start auto-sliding every 5s
Reveal.configure({ autoSlide: 5000 });

Presentation Size

All presentations have a normal size, that is, the resolution at which they are authored. The framework will automatically scale presentations uniformly based on this size to ensure that everything fits on any given display or viewport.

See below for a list of configuration options related to sizing, including default values:

Reveal.initialize({

	// ...

	// The "normal" size of the presentation, aspect ratio will be preserved
	// when the presentation is scaled to fit different resolutions. Can be
	// specified using percentage units.
	width: 960,
	height: 700,

	// Factor of the display size that should remain empty around the content
	margin: 0.1,

	// Bounds for smallest/largest possible scale to apply to content
	minScale: 0.2,
	maxScale: 1.5

});

If you wish to disable this behavior and do your own scaling (e.g. using media queries), try these settings:

Reveal.initialize({

	// ...

	width: "100%",
	height: "100%",
	margin: 0,
	minScale: 1,
	maxScale: 1
});

Dependencies

Reveal.js doesn't rely on any third party scripts to work but a few optional libraries are included by default. These libraries are loaded as dependencies in the order they appear, for example:

Reveal.initialize({
	dependencies: [
		// Interpret Markdown in <section> elements
		{ src: 'plugin/markdown/marked.js', condition: function() { return !!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },
		{ src: 'plugin/markdown/markdown.js', condition: function() { return !!document.querySelector( '[data-markdown]' ); } },

		// Syntax highlight for <code> elements
		{ src: 'plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true },

		// Zoom in and out with Alt+click
		{ src: 'plugin/zoom-js/zoom.js', async: true },

		// Speaker notes
		{ src: 'plugin/notes/notes.js', async: true },

		// MathJax
		{ src: 'plugin/math/math.js', async: true }
	]
});

You can add your own extensions using the same syntax. The following properties are available for each dependency object:

  • src: Path to the script to load
  • async: [optional] Flags if the script should load after reveal.js has started, defaults to false
  • callback: [optional] Function to execute when the script has loaded
  • condition: [optional] Function which must return true for the script to be loaded

Ready Event

A ready event is fired when reveal.js has loaded all non-async dependencies and is ready to start navigating. To check if reveal.js is already 'ready' you can call Reveal.isReady().

Reveal.addEventListener( 'ready', function( event ) {
	// event.currentSlide, event.indexh, event.indexv
} );

Note that we also add a .ready class to the .reveal element so that you can hook into this with CSS.

Auto-sliding

Presentations can be configured to progress through slides automatically, without any user input. To enable this you will need to tell the framework how many milliseconds it should wait between slides:

// Slide every five seconds
Reveal.configure({
  autoSlide: 5000
});

When this is turned on a control element will appear that enables users to pause and resume auto-sliding. Alternatively, sliding can be paused or resumed by pressing »A« on the keyboard. Sliding is paused automatically as soon as the user starts navigating. You can disable these controls by specifying autoSlideStoppable: false in your reveal.js config.

You can also override the slide duration for individual slides and fragments by using the data-autoslide attribute:

<section data-autoslide="2000">
	<p>After 2 seconds the first fragment will be shown.</p>
	<p class="fragment" data-autoslide="10000">After 10 seconds the next fragment will be shown.</p>
	<p class="fragment">Now, the fragment is displayed for 2 seconds before the next slide is shown.</p>
</section>

To override the method used for navigation when auto-sliding, you can specify the autoSlideMethod setting. To only navigate along the top layer and ignore vertical slides, set this to Reveal.navigateRight.

Whenever the auto-slide mode is resumed or paused the autoslideresumed and autoslidepaused events are fired.

Keyboard Bindings

If you're unhappy with any of the default keyboard bindings you can override them using the keyboard config option:

Reveal.configure({
  keyboard: {
    13: 'next', // go to the next slide when the ENTER key is pressed
    27: function() {}, // do something custom when ESC is pressed
    32: null // don't do anything when SPACE is pressed (i.e. disable a reveal.js default binding)
  }
});

Vertical Slide Navigation

Slides can be nested within other slides to create vertical stacks (see Markup). When presenting, you use the left/right arrows to step through the main (horizontal) slides. When you arrive at a vertical stack you can optionally press the up/down arrows to view the vertical slides or skip past them by pressing the right arrow. Here's an example showing a bird's-eye view of what this looks like in action:

Navigation Mode

You can fine tune the reveal.js navigation behavior by using the navigationMode config option. Note that these options are only useful for presentations that use a mix of horizontal and vertical slides. The following navigation modes are available:

Value Description
default Left/right arrow keys step between horizontal slides. Up/down arrow keys step between vertical slides. Space key steps through all slides (both horizontal and vertical).
linear Removes the up/down arrows. Left/right arrows step through all slides (both horizontal and vertical).
grid When this is enabled, stepping left/right from a vertical stack to an adjacent vertical stack will land you at the same vertical index.

Consider a deck with six slides ordered in two vertical stacks:
1.1    2.1
1.2    2.2
1.3    2.3

If you're on slide 1.3 and navigate right, you will normally move from 1.3 -> 2.1. With navigationMode set to "grid" the same navigation takes you from 1.3 -> 2.3.

Touch Navigation

You can swipe to navigate through a presentation on any touch-enabled device. Horizontal swipes change between horizontal slides, vertical swipes change between vertical slides. If you wish to disable this you can set the touch config option to false when initializing reveal.js.

If there's some part of your content that needs to remain accessible to touch events you'll need to highlight this by adding a data-prevent-swipe attribute to the element. One common example where this is useful is elements that need to be scrolled.

Lazy Loading

When working on presentation with a lot of media or iframe content it's important to load lazily. Lazy loading means that reveal.js will only load content for the few slides nearest to the current slide. The number of slides that are preloaded is determined by the viewDistance configuration option.

To enable lazy loading all you need to do is change your src attributes to data-src as shown below. This is supported for image, video, audio and iframe elements.

<section>
  <img data-src="image.png">
  <iframe data-src="http://hakim.se"></iframe>
  <video>
    <source data-src="video.webm" type="video/webm" />
    <source data-src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4" />
  </video>
</section>

Lazy Loading Iframes

Note that lazy loaded iframes ignore the viewDistance configuration and will only load when their containing slide becomes visible. Iframes are also unloaded as soon as the slide is hidden.

When we lazy load a video or audio element, reveal.js won't start playing that content until the slide becomes visible. However there is no way to control this for an iframe since that could contain any kind of content. That means if we loaded an iframe before the slide is visible on screen it could begin playing media and sound in the background.

You can override this behavior with the data-preload attribute. The iframe below will be loaded according to the viewDistance.

<section>
	<iframe data-src="http://hakim.se" data-preload></iframe>
</section>

You can also change the default globally with the preloadIframes configuration option. If set to true ALL iframes with a data-src attribute will be preloaded when within the viewDistance regardless of individual data-preload attributes. If set to false, all iframes will only be loaded when they become visible.

API

The Reveal object exposes a JavaScript API for controlling navigation and reading state:

// Navigation
Reveal.slide( indexh, indexv, indexf );
Reveal.left();
Reveal.right();
Reveal.up();
Reveal.down();
Reveal.prev();
Reveal.next();
Reveal.prevFragment();
Reveal.nextFragment();

// Randomize the order of slides
Reveal.shuffle();

// Toggle presentation states, optionally pass true/false to force on/off
Reveal.toggleOverview();
Reveal.togglePause();
Reveal.toggleAutoSlide();

// Shows a help overlay with keyboard shortcuts, optionally pass true/false
// to force on/off
Reveal.toggleHelp();

// Change a config value at runtime
Reveal.configure({ controls: true });

// Returns the present configuration options
Reveal.getConfig();

// Fetch the current scale of the presentation
Reveal.getScale();

// Retrieves the previous and current slide elements
Reveal.getPreviousSlide();
Reveal.getCurrentSlide();

Reveal.getIndices();        // { h: 0, v: 0, f: 0 }
Reveal.getSlidePastCount();
Reveal.getProgress();       // (0 == first slide, 1 == last slide)
Reveal.getSlides();         // Array of all slides
Reveal.getTotalSlides();    // Total number of slides

// Returns an array with all horizontal/vertical slides in the deck
Reveal.getHorizontalSlides();
Reveal.getVerticalSlides();

// Checks if the presentation contains two or more
// horizontal/vertical slides
Reveal.hasHorizontalSlides();
Reveal.hasVerticalSlides();

// Returns the speaker notes for the current slide
Reveal.getSlideNotes();

// State checks
Reveal.isFirstSlide();
Reveal.isLastSlide();
Reveal.isOverview();
Reveal.isPaused();
Reveal.isAutoSliding();

// Returns the top-level DOM element
Reveal.getRevealElement(); // <div class="reveal">...</div>

Custom Key Bindings

Custom key bindings can be added and removed using the following Javascript API. Custom key bindings will override the default keyboard bindings, but will in turn be overridden by the user defined bindings in the keyboard config option.

Reveal.addKeyBinding( binding, callback );
Reveal.removeKeyBinding( keyCode );

For example

// The binding parameter provides the following properties
//      keyCode: the keycode for binding to the callback
//          key: the key label to show in the help overlay
//  description: the description of the action to show in the help overlay
Reveal.addKeyBinding( { keyCode: 84, key: 'T', description: 'Start timer' }, function() {
	// start timer
} )

// The binding parameter can also be a direct keycode without providing the help description
Reveal.addKeyBinding( 82, function() {
	// reset timer
} )

This allows plugins to add key bindings directly to Reveal so they can

  • make use of Reveal's pre-processing logic for key handling (for example, ignoring key presses when paused); and
  • be included in the help overlay (optional)

Slide Changed Event

A slidechanged event is fired each time the slide is changed (regardless of state). The event object holds the index values of the current slide as well as a reference to the previous and current slide HTML nodes.

Some libraries, like MathJax (see #226), get confused by the transforms and display states of slides. Often times, this can be fixed by calling their update or render function from this callback.

Reveal.addEventListener( 'slidechanged', function( event ) {
	// event.previousSlide, event.currentSlide, event.indexh, event.indexv
} );

Presentation State

The presentation's current state can be fetched by using the getState method. A state object contains all of the information required to put the presentation back as it was when getState was first called. Sort of like a snapshot. It's a simple object that can easily be stringified and persisted or sent over the wire.

Reveal.slide( 1 );
// we're on slide 1

var state = Reveal.getState();

Reveal.slide( 3 );
// we're on slide 3

Reveal.setState( state );
// we're back on slide 1

Slide States

If you set data-state="somestate" on a slide <section>, "somestate" will be applied as a class on the document element when that slide is opened. This allows you to apply broad style changes to the page based on the active slide.

Furthermore you can also listen to these changes in state via JavaScript:

Reveal.addEventListener( 'somestate', function() {
	// TODO: Sprinkle magic
}, false );

Slide Backgrounds

Slides are contained within a limited portion of the screen by default to allow them to fit any display and scale uniformly. You can apply full page backgrounds outside of the slide area by adding a data-background attribute to your <section> elements. Four different types of backgrounds are supported: color, image, video and iframe.

Color Backgrounds

All CSS color formats are supported, including hex values, keywords, rgba() or hsl().

<section data-background-color="#ff0000">
	<h2>Color</h2>
</section>

Image Backgrounds

By default, background images are resized to cover the full page. Available options:

Attribute Default Description
data-background-image URL of the image to show. GIFs restart when the slide opens.
data-background-size cover See background-size on MDN.
data-background-position center See background-position on MDN.
data-background-repeat no-repeat See background-repeat on MDN.
data-background-opacity 1 Opacity of the background image on a 0-1 scale. 0 is transparent and 1 is fully opaque. 
<section data-background-image="http://example.com/image.png">
	<h2>Image</h2>
</section>
<section data-background-image="http://example.com/image.png" data-background-size="100px" data-background-repeat="repeat">
	<h2>This background image will be sized to 100px and repeated</h2>
</section>

Video Backgrounds

Automatically plays a full size video behind the slide.

Attribute Default Description
data-background-video A single video source, or a comma separated list of video sources.
data-background-video-loop false Flags if the video should play repeatedly.
data-background-video-muted false Flags if the audio should be muted.
data-background-size cover Use cover for full screen and some cropping or contain for letterboxing.
data-background-opacity 1 Opacity of the background video on a 0-1 scale. 0 is transparent and 1 is fully opaque. 
<section data-background-video="https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.slid.es/site/homepage/v1/homepage-video-editor.mp4,https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.slid.es/site/homepage/v1/homepage-video-editor.webm" data-background-video-loop data-background-video-muted>
	<h2>Video</h2>
</section>

Iframe Backgrounds

Embeds a web page as a slide background that covers 100% of the reveal.js width and height. The iframe is in the background layer, behind your slides, and as such it's not possible to interact with it by default. To make your background interactive, you can add the data-background-interactive attribute.

<section data-background-iframe="https://slides.com" data-background-interactive>
	<h2>Iframe</h2>
</section>

Iframes are lazy-loaded when they become visible. If you'd like to preload iframes ahead of time, you can append a data-preload attribute to the slide <section>. You can also enable preloading globally for all iframes using the preloadIframes configuration option.

Background Transitions

Backgrounds transition using a fade animation by default. This can be changed to a linear sliding transition by passing backgroundTransition: 'slide' to the Reveal.initialize() call. Alternatively you can set data-background-transition on any section with a background to override that specific transition.

Parallax Background

If you want to use a parallax scrolling background, set the first two properties below when initializing reveal.js (the other two are optional).

Reveal.initialize({

	// Parallax background image
	parallaxBackgroundImage: '', // e.g. "https://s3.amazonaws.com/hakim-static/reveal-js/reveal-parallax-1.jpg"

	// Parallax background size
	parallaxBackgroundSize: '', // CSS syntax, e.g. "2100px 900px" - currently only pixels are supported (don't use % or auto)

	// Number of pixels to move the parallax background per slide
	// - Calculated automatically unless specified
	// - Set to 0 to disable movement along an axis
	parallaxBackgroundHorizontal: 200,
	parallaxBackgroundVertical: 50

});

Make sure that the background size is much bigger than screen size to allow for some scrolling. View example.

Slide Transitions

The global presentation transition is set using the transition config value. You can override the global transition for a specific slide by using the data-transition attribute:

<section data-transition="zoom">
	<h2>This slide will override the presentation transition and zoom!</h2>
</section>

<section data-transition-speed="fast">
	<h2>Choose from three transition speeds: default, fast or slow!</h2>
</section>

You can also use different in and out transitions for the same slide:

<section data-transition="slide">
    The train goes on …
</section>
<section data-transition="slide">
    and on …
</section>
<section data-transition="slide-in fade-out">
    and stops.
</section>
<section data-transition="fade-in slide-out">
    (Passengers entering and leaving)
</section>
<section data-transition="slide">
    And it starts again.
</section>

You can choose from none, fade, slide, convex, concave and zoom.

Internal links

It's easy to link between slides. The first example below targets the index of another slide whereas the second targets a slide with an ID attribute (<section id="some-slide">):

<a href="#/2/2">Link</a>
<a href="#/some-slide">Link</a>

You can also add relative navigation links, similar to the built in reveal.js controls, by appending one of the following classes on any element. Note that each element is automatically given an enabled class when it's a valid navigation route based on the current slide.

<a href="#" class="navigate-left">
<a href="#" class="navigate-right">
<a href="#" class="navigate-up">
<a href="#" class="navigate-down">
<a href="#" class="navigate-prev"> <!-- Previous vertical or horizontal slide -->
<a href="#" class="navigate-next"> <!-- Next vertical or horizontal slide -->

Fragments

Fragments are used to highlight individual elements on a slide. Every element with the class fragment will be stepped through before moving on to the next slide. Here's an example: http://revealjs.com/#/fragments

The default fragment style is to start out invisible and fade in. This style can be changed by appending a different class to the fragment:

<section>
	<p class="fragment grow">grow</p>
	<p class="fragment shrink">shrink</p>
	<p class="fragment fade-out">fade-out</p>
	<p class="fragment fade-up">fade-up (also down, left and right!)</p>
	<p class="fragment fade-in-then-out">fades in, then out when we move to the next step</p>
	<p class="fragment fade-in-then-semi-out">fades in, then obfuscate when we move to the next step</p>
	<p class="fragment highlight-current-blue">blue only once</p>
	<p class="fragment highlight-red">highlight-red</p>
	<p class="fragment highlight-green">highlight-green</p>
	<p class="fragment highlight-blue">highlight-blue</p>
</section>

Multiple fragments can be applied to the same element sequentially by wrapping it, this will fade in the text on the first step and fade it back out on the second.

<section>
	<span class="fragment fade-in">
		<span class="fragment fade-out">I'll fade in, then out</span>
	</span>
</section>

The display order of fragments can be controlled using the data-fragment-index attribute.

<section>
	<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="3">Appears last</p>
	<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="1">Appears first</p>
	<p class="fragment" data-fragment-index="2">Appears second</p>
</section>

Fragment events

When a slide fragment is either shown or hidden reveal.js will dispatch an event.

Some libraries, like MathJax (see #505), get confused by the initially hidden fragment elements. Often times this can be fixed by calling their update or render function from this callback.

Reveal.addEventListener( 'fragmentshown', function( event ) {
	// event.fragment = the fragment DOM element
} );
Reveal.addEventListener( 'fragmenthidden', function( event ) {
	// event.fragment = the fragment DOM element
} );

Code Syntax Highlighting

By default, Reveal is configured with highlight.js for code syntax highlighting. To enable syntax highlighting, you'll have to load the highlight plugin (plugin/highlight/highlight.js) and a highlight.js CSS theme (Reveal comes packaged with the Monokai themes: lib/css/monokai.css).

Reveal.initialize({
	// More info https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js#dependencies
	dependencies: [
		{ src: 'plugin/highlight/highlight.js', async: true },
	]
});

Below is an example with clojure code that will be syntax highlighted. When the data-trim attribute is present, surrounding whitespace is automatically removed. HTML will be escaped by default. To avoid this, for example if you are using <mark> to call out a line of code, add the data-noescape attribute to the <code> element.

<section>
	<pre><code data-trim data-noescape>
(def lazy-fib
  (concat
   [0 1]
   <mark>((fn rfib [a b]</mark>
        (lazy-cons (+ a b) (rfib b (+ a b)))) 0 1)))
	</code></pre>
</section>

Line Numbers & Highlights

To enable line numbers, add data-line-numbers to your <code> tags. If you want to highlight specific lines you can provide a comma separated list of line numbers using the same attribute. For example, in the following example lines 4 and 8-11 are highlighted:

<pre><code class="hljs" data-line-numbers="4,8-11">
import React, { useState } from 'react';
 
function Example() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
 
  return (
    <div>
      <p>You clicked {count} times</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>
        Click me
      </button>
    </div>
  );
}
</code></pre>

line-numbers

Step-by-step Highlights

You can step through multiple code highlights on the same code block. Delimit each of your highlight steps with the | character. For example data-line-numbers="1|2-3|4,6-10" will produce three steps. It will start by highlighting line 1, next step is lines 2-3, and finally line 4 and 6 through 10.

Slide number

If you would like to display the page number of the current slide you can do so using the slideNumber and showSlideNumber configuration values.

// Shows the slide number using default formatting
Reveal.configure({ slideNumber: true });

// Slide number formatting can be configured using these variables:
//  "h.v": 	horizontal . vertical slide number (default)
//  "h/v": 	horizontal / vertical slide number
//    "c": 	flattened slide number
//  "c/t": 	flattened slide number / total slides
Reveal.configure({ slideNumber: 'c/t' });

// You can provide a function to fully customize the number:
Reveal.configure({ slideNumber: function( slide ) {
    // Ignore numbering of vertical slides
    return [ Reveal.getIndices( slide ).h ];
}});

// Control which views the slide number displays on using the "showSlideNumber" value:
//     "all": show on all views (default)
// "speaker": only show slide numbers on speaker notes view
//   "print": only show slide numbers when printing to PDF
Reveal.configure({ showSlideNumber: 'speaker' });

Overview mode

Press »ESC« or »O« keys to toggle the overview mode on and off. While you're in this mode, you can still navigate between slides, as if you were at 1,000 feet above your presentation. The overview mode comes with a few API hooks:

Reveal.addEventListener( 'overviewshown', function( event ) { /* ... */ } );
Reveal.addEventListener( 'overviewhidden', function( event ) { /* ... */ } );

// Toggle the overview mode programmatically
Reveal.toggleOverview();

Fullscreen mode

Just press »F« on your keyboard to show your presentation in fullscreen mode. Press the »ESC« key to exit fullscreen mode.

Embedded media

Add data-autoplay to your media element if you want it to automatically start playing when the slide is shown:

<video data-autoplay src="http://clips.vorwaerts-gmbh.de/big_buck_bunny.mp4"></video>

If you want to enable or disable autoplay globally, for all embedded media, you can use the autoPlayMedia configuration option. If you set this to true ALL media will autoplay regardless of individual data-autoplay attributes. If you initialize with autoPlayMedia: false NO media will autoplay.

Note that embedded HTML5 <video>/<audio> and YouTube/Vimeo iframes are automatically paused when you navigate away from a slide. This can be disabled by decorating your element with a data-ignore attribute.

Embedded iframes

reveal.js automatically pushes two post messages to embedded iframes. slide:start when the slide containing the iframe is made visible and slide:stop when it is hidden.

Stretching elements

Sometimes it's desirable to have an element, like an image or video, stretch to consume as much space as possible within a given slide. This can be done by adding the .stretch class to an element as seen below:

<section>
	<h2>This video will use up the remaining space on the slide</h2>
    <video class="stretch" src="http://clips.vorwaerts-gmbh.de/big_buck_bunny.mp4"></video>
</section>

Limitations:

  • Only direct descendants of a slide section can be stretched
  • Only one descendant per slide section can be stretched

Resize Event

When reveal.js changes the scale of the slides it fires a resize event. You can subscribe to the event to resize your elements accordingly.

Reveal.addEventListener( 'resize', function( event ) {
	// event.scale, event.oldScale, event.size
} );

postMessage API

The framework has a built-in postMessage API that can be used when communicating with a presentation inside of another window. Here's an example showing how you'd make a reveal.js instance in the given window proceed to slide 2:

<window>.postMessage( JSON.stringify({ method: 'slide', args: [ 2 ] }), '*' );

postMessage Events

When reveal.js runs inside of an iframe it can optionally bubble all of its events to the parent. Bubbled events are stringified JSON with three fields: namespace, eventName and state. Here's how you subscribe to them from the parent window:

window.addEventListener( 'message', function( event ) {
	var data = JSON.parse( event.data );
	if( data.namespace === 'reveal' && data.eventName === 'slidechanged' ) {
		// Slide changed, see data.state for slide number
	}
} );

postMessage Callbacks

When you call any method via the postMessage API, reveal.js will dispatch a message with the return value. This is done so that you can call a getter method and see what the result is. Check out this example:

<revealWindow>.postMessage( JSON.stringify({ method: 'getTotalSlides' }), '*' );

window.addEventListener( 'message', function( event ) {
	var data = JSON.parse( event.data );
	// `data.method`` is the method that we invoked
	if( data.namespace === 'reveal' && data.eventName === 'callback' && data.method === 'getTotalSlides' ) {
		data.result // = the total number of slides
	}
} );

Turning postMessage on/off

This cross-window messaging can be toggled on or off using configuration flags. These are the default values.

Reveal.initialize({
	// ...

	// Exposes the reveal.js API through window.postMessage
	postMessage: true,

	// Dispatches all reveal.js events to the parent window through postMessage
	postMessageEvents: false
});

PDF Export

Presentations can be exported to PDF via a special print stylesheet. This feature requires that you use Google Chrome or Chromium and to be serving the presentation from a web server. Here's an example of an exported presentation that's been uploaded to SlideShare: http://www.slideshare.net/hakimel/revealjs-300.

Separate pages for fragments

Fragments are printed on separate slides by default. Meaning if you have a slide with three fragment steps, it will generate three separate slides where the fragments appear incrementally.

If you prefer printing all fragments in their visible states on the same slide you can set the pdfSeparateFragments config option to false.

Page size

Export dimensions are inferred from the configured presentation size. Slides that are too tall to fit within a single page will expand onto multiple pages. You can limit how many pages a slide may expand onto using the pdfMaxPagesPerSlide config option, for example Reveal.configure({ pdfMaxPagesPerSlide: 1 }) ensures that no slide ever grows to more than one printed page.

Print stylesheet

To enable the PDF print capability in your presentation, the special print stylesheet at /css/print/pdf.css must be loaded. The default index.html file handles this for you when print-pdf is included in the query string. If you're using a different HTML template, you can add this to your HEAD:

<script>
	var link = document.createElement( 'link' );
	link.rel = 'stylesheet';
	link.type = 'text/css';
	link.href = window.location.search.match( /print-pdf/gi ) ? 'css/print/pdf.css' : 'css/print/paper.css';
	document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0].appendChild( link );
</script>

Instructions

  1. Open your presentation with print-pdf included in the query string i.e. http://localhost:8000/?print-pdf. You can test this with revealjs.com?print-pdf.
  2. Open the in-browser print dialog (CTRL/CMD+P).
  3. Change the Destination setting to Save as PDF.
  4. Change the Layout to Landscape.
  5. Change the Margins to None.
  6. Enable the Background graphics option.
  7. Click Save.

Chrome Print Settings

Alternatively you can use the decktape project.

Theming

The framework comes with a few different themes included:

  • black: Black background, white text, blue links (default theme)
  • white: White background, black text, blue links
  • league: Gray background, white text, blue links (default theme for reveal.js < 3.0.0)
  • beige: Beige background, dark text, brown links
  • sky: Blue background, thin dark text, blue links
  • night: Black background, thick white text, orange links
  • serif: Cappuccino background, gray text, brown links
  • simple: White background, black text, blue links
  • solarized: Cream-colored background, dark green text, blue links

Each theme is available as a separate stylesheet. To change theme you will need to replace black below with your desired theme name in index.html:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/black.css" id="theme">

If you want to add a theme of your own see the instructions here: /css/theme/README.md.

Speaker Notes

reveal.js comes with a speaker notes plugin which can be used to present per-slide notes in a separate browser window. The notes window also gives you a preview of the next upcoming slide so it may be helpful even if you haven't written any notes. Press the »S« key on your keyboard to open the notes window.

A speaker timer starts as soon as the speaker view is opened. You can reset it to 00:00:00 at any time by simply clicking/tapping on it.

Notes are defined by appending an <aside> element to a slide as seen below. You can add the data-markdown attribute to the aside element if you prefer writing notes using Markdown.

Alternatively you can add your notes in a data-notes attribute on the slide. Like <section data-notes="Something important"></section>.

When used locally, this feature requires that reveal.js runs from a local web server.

<section>
	<h2>Some Slide</h2>

	<aside class="notes">
		Oh hey, these are some notes. They'll be hidden in your presentation, but you can see them if you open the speaker notes window (hit »S« on your keyboard).
	</aside>
</section>

If you're using the external Markdown plugin, you can add notes with the help of a special delimiter:

<section data-markdown="example.md" data-separator="^\n\n\n" data-separator-vertical="^\n\n" data-separator-notes="^Note:"></section>

# Title
## Sub-title

Here is some content...

Note:
This will only display in the notes window.

Share and Print Speaker Notes

Notes are only visible to the speaker inside of the speaker view. If you wish to share your notes with others you can initialize reveal.js with the showNotes configuration value set to true. Notes will appear along the bottom of the presentations.

When showNotes is enabled notes are also included when you export to PDF. By default, notes are printed in a box on top of the slide. If you'd rather print them on a separate page, after the slide, set showNotes: "separate-page".

Speaker notes clock and timers

The speaker notes window will also show:

  • Time elapsed since the beginning of the presentation. If you hover the mouse above this section, a timer reset button will appear.
  • Current wall-clock time
  • (Optionally) a pacing timer which indicates whether the current pace of the presentation is on track for the right timing (shown in green), and if not, whether the presenter should speed up (shown in red) or has the luxury of slowing down (blue).

The pacing timer can be enabled by configuring the defaultTiming parameter in the Reveal configuration block, which specifies the number of seconds per slide. 120 can be a reasonable rule of thumb. Alternatively, you can enable the timer by setting totalTime, which sets the total length of your presentation (also in seconds). If both values are specified, totalTime wins and defaultTiming is ignored. Regardless of the baseline timing method, timings can also be given per slide <section> by setting the data-timing attribute (again, in seconds).

Server Side Speaker Notes

In some cases it can be desirable to run notes on a separate device from the one you're presenting on. The Node.js-based notes plugin lets you do this using the same note definitions as its client side counterpart. Include the required scripts by adding the following dependencies:

Reveal.initialize({
	// ...

	dependencies: [
		{ src: 'socket.io/socket.io.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/notes-server/client.js', async: true }
	]
});

Then:

  1. Install Node.js (9.0.0 or later)
  2. Run npm install
  3. Run node plugin/notes-server

Plugins

Plugins should register themselves with reveal.js by calling Reveal.registerPlugin( 'myPluginID', MyPlugin ). Registered plugin instances can optionally expose an "init" function that reveal.js will call to initialize them.

When reveal.js is booted up via Reveal.initialize(), it will go through all registered plugins and invoke their "init" methods. If the "init" method returns a Promise, reveal.js will wait for that promise to be fulfilled before finishing the startup sequence and firing the ready event. Here's an example of a plugin that does some asynchronous work before reveal.js can proceed:

let MyPlugin = {
	init: () =>  new Promise( resolve => setTimeout( resolve, 3000 ) )
};
Reveal.registerPlugin( 'myPlugin', MyPlugin );
Reveal.addEventListener( 'ready', () => console.log( 'Three seconds later...' ) );
Reveal.initialize();

Note that reveal.js will not wait for init Promise fulfillment if the plugin is loaded as an async dependency. If the plugin's init method does not return a Promise, the plugin is considered ready right away and will not hold up the reveal.js startup sequence.

Retrieving Plugins

If you want to check if a specific plugin is registered you can use the Reveal.hasPlugin method and pass in a plugin ID, for example: Reveal.hasPlugin( 'myPlugin' ). If you want to retrieve a plugin instance you can use Reveal.getPlugin( 'myPlugin' ).

Multiplexing

The multiplex plugin allows your audience to view the slides of the presentation you are controlling on their own phone, tablet or laptop. As the master presentation navigates the slides, all client presentations will update in real time. See a demo at https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/.

The multiplex plugin needs the following 3 things to operate:

  1. Master presentation that has control
  2. Client presentations that follow the master
  3. Socket.io server to broadcast events from the master to the clients

Master presentation

Served from a static file server accessible (preferably) only to the presenter. This need only be on your (the presenter's) computer. (It's safer to run the master presentation from your own computer, so if the venue's Internet goes down it doesn't stop the show.) An example would be to execute the following commands in the directory of your master presentation:

  1. npm install node-static
  2. static

If you want to use the speaker notes plugin with your master presentation then make sure you have the speaker notes plugin configured correctly along with the configuration shown below, then execute node plugin/notes-server in the directory of your master presentation. The configuration below will cause it to connect to the socket.io server as a master, as well as launch your speaker-notes/static-file server.

You can then access your master presentation at http://localhost:1947

Example configuration:

Reveal.initialize({
	// other options...

	multiplex: {
		// Example values. To generate your own, see the socket.io server instructions.
		secret: '13652805320794272084', // Obtained from the socket.io server. Gives this (the master) control of the presentation
		id: '1ea875674b17ca76', // Obtained from socket.io server
		url: 'https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh' // Location of socket.io server
	},

	// Don't forget to add the dependencies
	dependencies: [
		{ src: '//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.2.0/socket.io.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/multiplex/master.js', async: true },

		// and if you want speaker notes
		{ src: 'plugin/notes-server/client.js', async: true }

		// other dependencies...
	]
});

Client presentation

Served from a publicly accessible static file server. Examples include: GitHub Pages, Amazon S3, Dreamhost, Akamai, etc. The more reliable, the better. Your audience can then access the client presentation via https://example.com/path/to/presentation/client/index.html, with the configuration below causing them to connect to the socket.io server as clients.

Example configuration:

Reveal.initialize({
	// other options...

	multiplex: {
		// Example values. To generate your own, see the socket.io server instructions.
		secret: null, // null so the clients do not have control of the master presentation
		id: '1ea875674b17ca76', // id, obtained from socket.io server
		url: 'https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh' // Location of socket.io server
	},

	// Don't forget to add the dependencies
	dependencies: [
		{ src: '//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.2.0/socket.io.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/multiplex/client.js', async: true }

		// other dependencies...
	]
});

Socket.io server

Server that receives the slideChanged events from the master presentation and broadcasts them out to the connected client presentations. This needs to be publicly accessible. You can run your own socket.io server with the commands:

  1. npm install
  2. node plugin/multiplex

Or you can use the socket.io server at https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/.

You'll need to generate a unique secret and token pair for your master and client presentations. To do so, visit https://example.com/token, where https://example.com is the location of your socket.io server. Or if you're going to use the socket.io server at https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/, visit https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/token.

You are very welcome to point your presentations at the Socket.io server running at https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/, but availability and stability are not guaranteed.

For anything mission critical I recommend you run your own server. The easiest way to do this is by installing now. With that installed, deploying your own Multiplex server is as easy running the following command from the reveal.js folder: now plugin/multiplex.

socket.io server as file static server

The socket.io server can play the role of static file server for your client presentation, as in the example at https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/. (Open https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/ in two browsers. Navigate through the slides on one, and the other will update to match.)

Example configuration:

Reveal.initialize({
	// other options...

	multiplex: {
		// Example values. To generate your own, see the socket.io server instructions.
		secret: null, // null so the clients do not have control of the master presentation
		id: '1ea875674b17ca76', // id, obtained from socket.io server
		url: 'example.com:80' // Location of your socket.io server
	},

	// Don't forget to add the dependencies
	dependencies: [
		{ src: '//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.2.0/socket.io.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/multiplex/client.js', async: true }

		// other dependencies...
	]

It can also play the role of static file server for your master presentation and client presentations at the same time (as long as you don't want to use speaker notes). (Open https://reveal-js-multiplex-ccjbegmaii.now.sh/ in two browsers. Navigate through the slides on one, and the other will update to match. Navigate through the slides on the second, and the first will update to match.) This is probably not desirable, because you don't want your audience to mess with your slides while you're presenting. ;)

Example configuration:

Reveal.initialize({
	// other options...

	multiplex: {
		// Example values. To generate your own, see the socket.io server instructions.
		secret: '13652805320794272084', // Obtained from the socket.io server. Gives this (the master) control of the presentation
		id: '1ea875674b17ca76', // Obtained from socket.io server
		url: 'example.com:80' // Location of your socket.io server
	},

	// Don't forget to add the dependencies
	dependencies: [
		{ src: '//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/socket.io/2.2.0/socket.io.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/multiplex/master.js', async: true },
		{ src: 'plugin/multiplex/client.js', async: true }

		// other dependencies...
	]
});

MathJax

If you want to display math equations in your presentation you can easily do so by including this plugin. The plugin is a very thin wrapper around the MathJax library. To use it you'll need to include it as a reveal.js dependency, find our more about dependencies here.

The plugin defaults to using LaTeX but that can be adjusted through the math configuration object. Note that MathJax is loaded from a remote server. If you want to use it offline you'll need to download a copy of the library and adjust the mathjax configuration value.

Below is an example of how the plugin can be configured. If you don't intend to change these values you do not need to include the math config object at all.

Reveal.initialize({
	// other options ...

	math: {
		mathjax: 'https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.0/MathJax.js',
		config: 'TeX-AMS_HTML-full', // See http://docs.mathjax.org/en/latest/config-files.html
		// pass other options into `MathJax.Hub.Config()`
		TeX: { Macros: { RR: "{\\bf R}" } }
	},

	dependencies: [
		{ src: 'plugin/math/math.js', async: true }
	]
});

Read MathJax's documentation if you need HTTPS delivery or serving of specific versions for stability.

MathJax in Markdown

If you want to include math inside of a presentation written in Markdown you need to wrap the formula in backticks. This prevents syntax conflicts between LaTeX and Markdown. For example:

`$$ J(\theta_0,\theta_1) = \sum_{i=0} $$`

License

MIT licensed

Copyright (C) 2020 Hakim El Hattab, http://hakim.se